Fault detection using transfer function techniques

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D75688/87 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Contest and co-option : the struggle for schooling in the African independent churches of the Cape Colony

The establishment of schools by independent African churches reflected changes in the complex amalgam of forces that constituted the social fabric of ordinary black people in the Cape Colony between 1895 and 1920. These churches and schools were in part a creative response to discriminatory mission church politics, a general decline in black economic fortunes, and changes in the nature of black political mobilisation. However, the advent of independent church schools did not merely reflect an ideological preoccupation with colonial dominance. They were initiated to meet a range of educational needs articulated by numbers of urban and rural blacks. This demand for educational opportunities signalled the progressive incorporation of formal western education within the social lives of many black people in the Cape. Moreover, in this crucial period, schooling in the Cape Colony was being segregated as the principal element in a programme introduced by the Education Department to curtail spending on black education and to boost subsidies to white education. Blacks were therefore limited to mission schools which were inadequate and characterised by a lack of community control. Consequently, independent church communities were preoccupied with the politics of access and control in the schools. Within the gradually unfolding Cape education 'system', missionary control was tenuous in the uncoordinated rural mission outstation schools. There, independent school communities seized the opportunity to pursue their own objectives. However, each group of independent church schools was in some way conditioned by the ability of colonial representatives to dictate the political, financial and administrative terms of their existence. In this respect, the independent school communities negotiated the ambiguous terrain between the poles of contest and co-option. The more successful initiatives managed to solicit Education Department funding while minimising interference from white intermediaries, school inspectors and mission church agents. Nevertheless, government recognition and funding mechanisms facilitated the eventual capture of the independent schools within the colonial education system. Thus, this work reflects as much on the emergence of the Cape education system, as on the question of resistance to mission control. The independent church schools were not solely characterised by contest with missionaries or the government education authorities. African Christian school communities in rural locations in the Eastern Cape were divided internally by school, ethnic and church allegiances which affected their access to scarce commodities such as education and land. Competition over access to schooling therefore gave rise to serious conflict between African independent church adherents, and groups that remained loyal to the mission churches. In contrast, independent school initiatives in the rural Western Cape were characterised less by intra-community conflicts, than by bureaucratic engagement with the Education Department hierarchy, and the utilisation of supra-ethnic and supra-denominational political conduits such as the African Political Organisation

Eye health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Reviews: Number 1

As with many other aspects of health status, it is most probable that prior to the European settlement of Australia in 1788 the eye health of Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders was excellent. In fact. their eye health was almost certainly better than that of Europeans of the time. There are no definite data from early post-settlement times, but this conclusion appears reasonable from the results of a number of thorough surveys conducted as late as the 1940s and 1950s ( 1-4) Despite finding some severe preventable problems, particularly trachoma (a form of infective conjunctivitis - see Appendix l for more details), these surveys documented the relative rarity among Aborigines of common ocular abnormalities. including degenerative causes of blindness. These findings were largely confirmed in the most extensive survey of indigenous health ever undertaken, the National Trachoma and Eye Health Program (5)

Tunable fibre-coupled multiphoton microscopy with a negative curvature fibre

Negative curvature fibre (NCF) guides light in its core by inhibiting the coupling of core and cladding modes. In this work, an NCF was designed and fabricated to transmit ultrashort optical pulses for multiphoton microscopy with low group velocity dispersion (GVD) at 800 nm. Its attenuation was measured to be <0.3 dB m(-1) over the range 600-850 nm and the GVD was -180 ± 70 fs(2)  m(-1) at 800 nm. Using an average fibre output power of ∼20 mW and pulse repetition rate of 80 MHz, the NCF enabled pulses with a duration of <200 fs to be transmitted through a length of 1.5 m of fibre over a tuning range of 180 nm without the need for dispersion compensation. In a 4 m fibre, temporal and spectral pulse widths were maintained to within 10% of low power values up to the maximum fibre output power achievable with the laser system used of 278 mW at 700 nm, 808 mW at 800 nm and 420 mW at 860 nm. When coupled to a multiphoton microscope, it enabled imaging of ex vivo tissue using excitation wavelengths from 740 nm to 860 nm without any need for adjustments to the set-up